Official court laws regarding crimes committed by organizations and compensation for victims in light of artificial intelligence technologies.

Abstract

This study explores the legal and Sharī‘ah foundations for compensating victims of terrorism, with a specific focus on the Iraqi legal framework governing victim compensation. The research seeks to answer key questions regarding the legitimacy of compensation in Islamic jurisprudence, the extent of the State’s responsibility for public-order crimes such as terrorism, and the adequacy of Iraqi legislation—particularly Law No. 20 of 2009 (as amended)—in ensuring comprehensive and fair reparation for victims. Using an analytical–descriptive methodology, the study examines classical juristic principles related to liability (ḍamān), the role of Bayt al-Māl in cases where offenders are unknown or unable to pay, and the modern legal doctrines surrounding State responsibility. Legislative texts, judicial rulings, and previous academic studies were reviewed to build a comparative understanding between Sharī‘ah-based norms and contemporary Iraqi law.

The findings demonstrate that Islamic jurisprudence established solid and explicit principles for compensating victims of aggression, including unlawful killing and property destruction, which align with modern legal standards. Iraqi legislation has made significant progress in institutionalizing compensation, yet gaps remain—particularly concerning procedural delays, the narrow scope of eligible categories, and inconsistencies in financial allocations.